From the archives: a list of the 78 firmament terms from a linguistic taxonomy.
The idea is, that once the basics are handled, one can begin with simple words, like dog and blue and wood.
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|------|---------|--------|---------|--------|------------|
| Code | English | French | Chinese | Korean | Definition |
|------|---------|--------|---------|--------|------------|
| 1 | I / me | je / moi | 我 (wǒ) | 나 (na) | First-person singular pronoun referring to oneself as the subject or object |
| 2 | you (singular) | tu / toi | 你 (nǐ) | 너 (neo) | Second-person singular pronoun addressing a single person |
| 3 | he / she / it | il / elle / ça | 他 / 她 / 它 (tā) | 그/그녀/그것 (geu/geunyeo/geugeot) | Third-person singular pronoun referring to another person or thing |
| 4 | royal we | nous royal | 我们 (wǒmen) | 짐 (jim) | First-person plural pronoun used by royalty or authority figures to refer to themselves |
| 5 | me and you | moi et toi | 我和你 (wǒ hé nǐ) | 나와 너 (nawa neo) | First and second person pronouns combined as subjects |
| 6 | you (plural) | vous | 你们 (nǐmen) | 너희 (neohui) | Second-person plural pronoun addressing multiple people |
| 7 | they | ils / elles | 他们 / 她们 (tāmen) | 그들 (geudeul) | Third-person plural pronoun referring to multiple people or things |
| 8 | me and them | moi et eux | 我和他们 (wǒ hé tāmen) | 나와 그들 (nawa geudeul) | First-person singular and third-person plural pronouns combined |
| 9 | you and he/she/they | toi et lui/elle/eux | 你和他/她/他们 (nǐ hé tā/tāmen) | 너와 그/그녀/그들 (neowa geu/geunyeo/geudeul) | Second and third person pronouns combined as subjects |
| 11 | this | ceci | 这 (zhè) | 이것 (igeot) | Demonstrative pronoun referring to something near the speaker |
| 12 | that | cela | 那 (nà) | 저것 (jeogeot) | Demonstrative pronoun referring to something distant from the speaker |
| 13 | the other | l'autre | 别的 (bié de) | 다른 것 (dareun geot) | Pronoun referring to something different from what was previously mentioned |
| 21 | logical AND | et | 和/与 (hé/yǔ) | 그리고 (geurigo) | Logical operator indicating both conditions must be true |
| 22 | logical INCLUSIVE-OR | ou | 或 (huò) | 또는 (ttoneun) | Logical operator meaning either or both conditions can be true |
| 23 | logical EXCLUSIVE-OR | ou exclusif | 异或 (yì huò) | 배타적 또는 (baetajeok ttoneun) | Logical operator meaning exactly one condition must be true |
| 24 | logical NOT | ne pas | 不 (bù) | 아니다 (anida) | Logical operator that negates or inverts a condition |
| 31 | boolean TRUE | vrai | 真 (zhēn) | 참 (cham) | Boolean value representing a condition that is factually correct |
| 32 | boolean FALSE | faux | 假 (jiǎ) | 거짓 (geojit) | Boolean value representing a condition that is factually incorrect |
| 33 | boolean INDETERMINATE | indéterminé | 不定 (bùdìng) | 미확정 (mihwakjeong) | Boolean value representing a condition that cannot be determined to be true or false |
| 34 | boolean UNKNOWN | inconnu | 未知 (wèizhī) | 알 수 없음 (al su eobseum) | Boolean value representing a condition whose truth value is not yet known |
| 35 | boolean RANDOM | aléatoire | 随机 (suíjī) | 무작위 (mujakwi) | Boolean value that is randomly determined to be either true or false |
| 41 | reference name definition | définition de référence | 引用名定义 (yǐnyòng míng dìngyì) | 참조명 정의 (chamjomyeong jeongui) | Symbol that establishes a name for later reference |
| 42 | reference link | lien de référence | 引用链接 (yǐnyòng liànjiē) | 참조 링크 (chamjo lingkeu) | Symbol that refers back to a previously defined reference |
| 51 | list beginning indicator | début de liste | 列表开始 (lièbiǎo kāishǐ) | 목록 시작 표시 (mogrok sijak pyosi) | Symbol indicating the start of a list structure |
| 52 | list separator indicator | séparateur de liste | 列表分隔符 (lièbiǎo fēngéfú) | 목록 구분 표시 (mogrok gubeun pyosi) | Symbol separating items within a list |
| 53 | list terminator indicator | fin de liste | 列表结束 (lièbiǎo jiéshù) | 목록 종료 표시 (mogrok jongyo pyosi) | Symbol indicating the end of a list structure |
| 61 | string beginning indicator | début de chaîne | 字符串开始 (zìfúchuàn kāishǐ) | 문자열 시작 표시 (munjalyeol sijak pyosi) | Symbol marking the beginning of a text string |
| 62 | string ending indicator | fin de chaîne | 字符串结束 (zìfúchuàn jiéshù) | 문자열 종료 표시 (munjalyeol jongyo pyosi) | Symbol marking the end of a text string |
| 71 | namespace indicator | indicateur d'espace de noms | 命名空间标识 (mìngmíng kōngjiān biāoshí) | 네임스페이스 표시 (neimseupeseu pyosi) | Symbol separating hierarchical naming contexts |
| 81 | number indicator | indicateur de nombre | 数字标识 (shùzì biāoshí) | 숫자 표시 (sutja pyosi) | Symbol indicating that what follows is a numeric value |
| 82 | Unicode code point indicator | indicateur de point de code Unicode | Unicode码位标识 (Unicode mǎwèi biāoshí) | 유니코드 코드 포인트 표시 (yunikodeu kodeu pointeu pyosi) | Symbol indicating a specific Unicode character reference |
| 91 | use-mention indicator | indicateur d'usage-mention | 使用-提及标识 (shǐyòng-tíjí biāoshí) | 사용-언급 표시 (sayong-eongeup pyosi) | Symbol distinguishing between using a term and mentioning it |
| 101 | conversational register | registre conversationnel | 会话语域 (huìhuà yǔyù) | 대화체 (daehwache) | Linguistic marker indicating casual speech between peers |
| 102 | inquiry register / question mark | registre interrogatif | 疑问语域 / 吗 (yíwèn yǔyù / ma) | 의문체 / ? (uimunche) | Linguistic marker indicating a question is being asked |
| 103 | command register | registre impératif | 命令语域 (mìnglìng yǔyù) | 명령체 (myeongryeongche) | Linguistic marker indicating a directive or instruction |
| 104 | suggestion register | registre suggestif | 建议语域 / 吧 (jiànyì yǔyù / ba) | 제안체 (jeanche) | Linguistic marker indicating a recommendation or suggestion |
| 105 | declaratory register | registre déclaratif | 陈述语域 (chénshù yǔyù) | 서술체 (seosulche) | Linguistic marker indicating a statement of fact |
| 106 | observational register | registre observationnel | 观察语域 (guānchá yǔyù) | 관찰체 (gwanchalche) | Linguistic marker indicating a direct observation |
| 107 | intent declaration register | registre de déclaration d'intention | 意图声明语域 (yìtú shēngmíng yǔyù) | 의도 선언체 (uido seoneonche) | Linguistic marker indicating a statement of future intention |
| 141 | politeness indicator: to a divine entity | indicateur de politesse: divinité | 敬神语 (jìngshén yǔ) | 신앙 경어 (sinang gyeongeo) | Linguistic marker showing extreme deference to a deity |
| 151 | politeness indicator: towards a guardian/parent | indicateur de politesse: parent | 尊长语 (zūnzhǎng yǔ) | 부모 존대어 (bumo jondaeeo) | Linguistic marker showing respect to a parent figure |
| 152 | politeness indicator: to a government official | indicateur de politesse: officiel | 官方敬语 (guānfāng jìngyǔ) | 관리 존대어 (gwalli jondaeeo) | Linguistic marker showing respect to an authority figure |
| 153 | politeness indicator: to a peer | indicateur de politesse: pair | 平辈语 (píngbèi yǔ) | 동료 존대어 (dongryo jondaeeo) | Linguistic marker showing respect to equals |
| 154 | politeness indicator: to a close friend | indicateur de politesse: ami proche | 亲友语 (qīnyǒu yǔ) | 친구 반말 (chingu banmal) | Linguistic marker showing familiarity to friends |
| 155 | politeness indicator: to a small child | indicateur de politesse: petit enfant | 童语 (tóng yǔ) | 아이 반말 (ai banmal) | Linguistic marker showing gentle speech to children |
| 201 | category: time | catégorie: temps | 时间类 (shíjiān lèi) | 시간 범주 (sigan beomju) | Indicator for concepts related to temporal dimensions |
| 202 | category: place | catégorie: lieu | 地点类 (dìdiǎn lèi) | 장소 범주 (jangso beomju) | Indicator for concepts related to spatial locations |
| 203 | category: element | catégorie: élément | 元素类 (yuánsù lèi) | 원소 범주 (wonso beomju) | Indicator for concepts related to fundamental substances |
| 204 | category: number | catégorie: nombre | 数字类 (shùzì lèi) | 숫자 범주 (sutja beomju) | Indicator for concepts related to numeric values |
| 211 | category: animal | catégorie: animal | 动物类 (dòngwù lèi) | 동물 범주 (dongmul beomju) | Indicator for concepts related to fauna |
| 212 | category: plant | catégorie: plante | 植物类 (zhíwù lèi) | 식물 범주 (singmul beomju) | Indicator for concepts related to flora |
| 213 | category: microbe | catégorie: microbe | 微生物类 (wēishēngwù lèi) | 미생물 범주 (misaengmul beomju) | Indicator for concepts related to microscopic organisms |
| 221 | category: majestic object | catégorie: objet majestueux | 宏伟物体类 (hóngwěi wùtǐ lèi) | 웅장한 물체 범주 (ungjanghan muljae beomju) | Indicator for concepts related to impressive natural or constructed objects |
| 222 | category: network object | catégorie: objet réseau | 网络对象类 (wǎngluò duìxiàng lèi) | 네트워크 객체 범주 (neteuwokeu gaechae beomju) | Indicator for concepts related to connected systems |
| 223 | category: appliance | catégorie: appareil | 电器类 (diànqì lèi) | 가전제품 범주 (gajeonjedeum beomju) | Indicator for concepts related to functional machines |
| 224 | category: personal object | catégorie: objet personnel | 个人物品类 (gèrén wùpǐn lèi) | 개인 물품 범주 (gaein mulpum beomju) | Indicator for concepts related to items owned by individuals |
| 301 | descriptor: shape | descripteur: forme | 形状描述 (xíngzhuàng miáoshù) | 형태 묘사 (hyeongtae myosa) | Modifier indicating physical configuration |
| 302 | descriptor: color | descripteur: couleur | 颜色描述 (yánsè miáoshù) | 색상 묘사 (saeksang myosa) | Modifier indicating visual hue |
| 303 | descriptor: size, scale, duration | descripteur: taille, échelle, durée | 大小/规模/持续时间描述 (dàxiǎo/guīmó/chíxù shíjiān miáoshù) | 크기/규모/지속 묘사 (keugi/gyumo/jisok myosa) | Modifier indicating magnitude or temporal length |
| 351 | adverb: superlative | adverbe: superlatif | 最高级副词 (zuìgāojí fùcí) | 최상급 부사 (choisanggeup busa) | Modifier indicating the highest degree |
| 352 | adverb: slightly | adverbe: légèrement | 稍微副词 (shāowēi fùcí) | 약간 부사 (yakgan busa) | Modifier indicating a small degree |
| 401 | "positive utility", good | "utilité positive", bon | 正效用/好 (zhèng xiàoyòng/hǎo) | 긍정적 효용/좋음 (geungjeongjeok hyoyong/joeum) | Concept of something having beneficial value |
| 402 | law, rules, procedural order | loi, règles, ordre procédural | 法律/规则/程序秩序 (fǎlǜ/guīzé/chéngxù zhìxù) | 법/규칙/절차 질서 (beop/gyuchik/jeolcha jilseo) | Systems of formalized governance |
| 403 | ethical, good (not evil) | éthique, bon (pas mauvais) | 道德/善 (dàodé/shàn) | 윤리적/선 (yunrijeok/seon) | Concept of moral rightness |
| 404 | explore exploit tradeoff | compromis exploration-exploitation | 探索与利用权衡 (tànsuǒ yǔ lìyòng quánhéng) | 탐색-활용 균형 (tamsaek-hwalyong gyunhyeong) | Balance between trying new options and using known resources |
| 405 | probability, likelihood | probabilité | 概率/可能性 (gàilǜ/kěnéngxìng) | 확률/가능성 (hwakryul/ganeungseong) | Mathematical chance of an uncertain outcome |
| 406 | belief, faith | croyance, foi | 信念/信仰 (xìnniàn/xìnyǎng) | 믿음/신앙 (mideum/sinang) | Cognitive acceptance without empirical proof |
| 407 | desire, to want | vouloir, désirer | 欲望/要 (yùwàng/yào) | 욕망/원하다 (yongmang/wonhada) | Mental state of craving or wishing |
| 408 | to represent, fiduciary | représenter, fiduciaire | 代表/受托 (dàibiǎo/shòutuō) | 대표하다/수탁자 (daepyohada/sutakja) | Act of standing in place of another |
| 409 | to possess (part of whole) | posséder (partie d'un tout) | 属于 (shǔyú) | 소속되다 (sosokdoeda) | Relationship of component to system |
| 410 | to possess (in inventory) | posséder (dans l'inventaire) | 拥有 (yōngyǒu) | 소유하다 (soyuhada) | Relationship of ownership |
| 499 | existence | existence | 存在 (cúnzài) | 존재 (jonjae) | Indicator that a set contains at least one element |
| 501 | measure word: discrete objects | classificateur: objets discrets | 个 (gè) | 개 (gae) | Counter for individual items |
| 502 | measure word: unit of measure | classificateur: unité de mesure | 量词单位 (liàngcí dānwèi) | 단위 분류사 (danwi bunryusa) | Indicator of standardized measurement |
| 503 | measure word: some | classificateur: quelques | 些 (xiē) | 약간의 (yakganui) | Indicator of an unspecified quantity |
| 991 | hint: subject-verb transition | indice: transition sujet-verbe | 主语-动词过渡 (zhǔyǔ-dòngcí guòdù) | 주어-동사 전환 (jueo-dongsa jeonhwan) | Marker indicating shift from subject to predicate |
| 992 | hint: verb-object transition | indice: transition verbe-objet | 动词-宾语过渡 (dòngcí-bīnyǔ guòdù) | 동사-목적어 전환 (dongsa-mokjeogeo jeonhwan) | Marker indicating shift from action to recipient |
| 993 | hint: object-object transition | indice: transition objet-objet | 宾语-宾语过渡 (bīnyǔ-bīnyǔ guòdù) | 목적어-목적어 전환 (mokjeogeo-mokjeogeo jeonhwan) | Marker indicating shift between multiple objects |