in the 11th°hard word circuit°hard word: https://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/202214031.pdf - Polelle°hard word v. Turner, etc°hard word.
The main claim°hard word of the case is that a "closed primary°hard word" unfairly°hard word violates°hard word his rights.
The court disagrees°hard word, although it is not°hard word entirely in agreement as-to°hard word how. Two of the judges reject°hard word it on the merits°hard word. The third finds the complaint°hard word to not°hard word have standing.
----
George°hard word Washington°hard word, famously, was opposed°hard word to the concept°hard word of political parties. But that did not°hard word stop the force of political gravity from creating°hard word them.
So, of course the US Constitution°hard word is silent on the topic°hard word. State Constitutions°hard word are generally also silent. 🔥 ChatGPT°hard word says that "21 states" refer°hard word to political parties, but its examples are all either negative°hard word examples (Nebraska°hard word having a legislature°hard word without political parties) or are trivial°hard word (Minnesota°hard word allowing elected°hard word officials°hard word to be delegates°hard word to political party conventions°hard word). 💡 after repeated°hard word badgering°hard word, it pointed to Delaware°hard word having a clause°hard word that Three of the five Justices of the Supreme°hard word Court shall be of one major political party, and two of the other major political party.
----
This is, on balance, probably a good thing. Laws designed to enshrine a system of two parties, equal in power, are generally bad. They make assumptions°hard word, they encourage°hard word complacency°hard word and decadence°hard word, and they encourage°hard word a type of insidious°hard word collusion°hard word.